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What is an atom?
The building blocks of all matter in the universe, when distilled down to it's "elements", are atoms. Most of the atoms that make up us, our planet, and our solar system can be traced back to the core of a super massive star, that in it's later years (4.7 billion years ago) went supernova and exploded forth it's chemically enriched guts.
The atom is so small that there are 10 times more atoms in one cell of our body, than there are stars in the milky way galaxy (100 billion stars). These atoms are composed of three subatomic particles, the proton, neutron, and electron, which give each element it's unique chemical and physical characteristics.
We start our journey of chemistry with these subatomic particles.
The atom is so small that there are 10 times more atoms in one cell of our body, than there are stars in the milky way galaxy (100 billion stars). These atoms are composed of three subatomic particles, the proton, neutron, and electron, which give each element it's unique chemical and physical characteristics.
We start our journey of chemistry with these subatomic particles.
1_-_atomic_model_review_.docx | |
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1_-_atomic_model_review__practice_.pdf | |
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02_review_atomic_number_and_mass_number_key.docx | |
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Bohr Diagram
We just discussed how unfeasible it would be to work with and draw an "accurate" atom. Bohr diagrams, although not scientifically accurate, are a useful tool when looking at the number of subatomic particles in an atom. They are also useful when visualizing WHY atoms make bonds (to achieve a full valence shell)
02_atomic_structure_of_the_first_18_elements.docx | |
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Periodic Table Trends and Reactivity
What causes elements to combine to form compounds? Why are some elements so reactive compared to other?
Electrons are the answer! In particular, those electrons we find on the outer most shell of an atom, the valence electrons. Every atom wants to be like their nearest noble gas, that is, they want to have the same electron configuration. Why do they want to be like them? It's not because they are "noble" and rule the other elements.... it's because they have a full outer shell of electrons, which makes them stable!
It turns out that elements that have the same number of valence electrons have similar chemical properties, which is why they are groups together into "families".
Electrons are the answer! In particular, those electrons we find on the outer most shell of an atom, the valence electrons. Every atom wants to be like their nearest noble gas, that is, they want to have the same electron configuration. Why do they want to be like them? It's not because they are "noble" and rule the other elements.... it's because they have a full outer shell of electrons, which makes them stable!
It turns out that elements that have the same number of valence electrons have similar chemical properties, which is why they are groups together into "families".
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03_periodic_table_trends_worksheet.docx | |
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Ions
When elements bond to other elements, they do so to have a full outer shell of valence electrons. With Ionic compounds, some elements will gain electrons to get there, and others will lose electrons.
Knowing how each element fills up it's outer most shell will tell you the charge the atom will take in an ionic bond.
Knowing how each element fills up it's outer most shell will tell you the charge the atom will take in an ionic bond.
4_-_ions___ionic_compounds__notes_.pdf | |
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4_-_ions___ionic_compounds__practice_.pdf | |
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4_-_ions___periodicity.pdf | |
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Electron Dot (AKA lewis dot)
Lewis Dot diagrams, although providing less information than a Bohr diagram, serve a very useful purpose. Since the chemical characteristics of an atom are determined by it's valence electrons, looking simply at the valence electrons allows us to illustrate bonding with much greater efficiency.
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5_-_electron_dot_worksheet.docx | |
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Ionic Bonding
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Ions are atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions).
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds and Ionic Formulas
Naming binary ionic compounds follows only two rules:
1) do not change the name of the cation
2) add the suffix "ide" to the anion. for example oxygen becomes oxide
Writing Ionic formulas is more complicated and involved taking into consideration how many electrons each ion wants to lose/gain. The key to determining an ionic formula is ensuring that the number of electrons lost is the same as the number of electrons gained.
Below are some videos to further clarify if you are still having trouble. Also below I have attached the ionic bonding practice sheet.
1) do not change the name of the cation
2) add the suffix "ide" to the anion. for example oxygen becomes oxide
Writing Ionic formulas is more complicated and involved taking into consideration how many electrons each ion wants to lose/gain. The key to determining an ionic formula is ensuring that the number of electrons lost is the same as the number of electrons gained.
Below are some videos to further clarify if you are still having trouble. Also below I have attached the ionic bonding practice sheet.
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6_-_binary_ionic_compounds__assignment_.doc | |
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Multivalent Metals
Most cations in ionic compounds will always have the same oxidation state, that is, they will always lose the same number of electrons. However, certain metals are unique in that they have multiple oxidation states.
Alfred stock realized that there will be a fundamental problem when naming compounds containing these metals, so he devised a system using roman numerals to represent the charge of the metal ion.
Alfred stock realized that there will be a fundamental problem when naming compounds containing these metals, so he devised a system using roman numerals to represent the charge of the metal ion.
7_-_complex_ionic_compounds.pdf | |
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7_-_complex_ionic_compounds__transition_practice_.pdf | |
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Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions are exactly as they sound. It is a charged ion composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded together.
Note that we treat the polyatomic ion as a single unit. Thus, when we have more than one of a polyatomic ion in an ionic bond we must put our polyatomic ion in brackets. For example:
Note that we treat the polyatomic ion as a single unit. Thus, when we have more than one of a polyatomic ion in an ionic bond we must put our polyatomic ion in brackets. For example:
In this example of Iron (III) Nitrate, there are three nitrates. Another rule when dealing with polyatomic ions is that you do not change their name when naming an ionic compound.
7_-_complex_ionic_compounds__transition___polyatomic_practice_.pdf | |
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7_-_complex_ionic_compounds__assignment_.doc | |
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7_-_ionic_bonding__review_assignment_.doc | |
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Molecular Compounds (AKA Covalent Bonding)
A covalent bond is the sharing of valence electrons between two non-metals in order to achieve a full outer shell of electrons. Unlike ionic bonds, it is the attraction between electrons and the opposing atoms nuclei which create these bonds.
For our purposes I will only be giving you binary covalent compounds to convert from name to formula and vice versa. Remember it is important to learn your greek prefixes in order to accurately describe covalent compounds.
For our purposes I will only be giving you binary covalent compounds to convert from name to formula and vice versa. Remember it is important to learn your greek prefixes in order to accurately describe covalent compounds.
8_-_molecular_compounds__practice_.pdf | |
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9_-_molecular_compounds__assignment_.docx | |
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8_-_molecular_compounds.pptx | |
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How to count atoms
Counting atoms, while seemingly pointless in grade 9, is a very important part of understanding how to balance a chemical reaction. Make sure you understand this!
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Word Equations and Chemical Equations
In chemistry often a chemical reaction will be written as a statement. It is important to be able to pull from that statement the relevant information, i.e. to determine the reactants and products, and then to write the reaction as either a word or chemical equation. Having the correct number and type of atoms in your chemical equation is extremely important to properly illustrate conservation of mass.
If you are struggling coming up with the Skeleton equation, you need to review ionic and covalent bonding.
If you are struggling coming up with the Skeleton equation, you need to review ionic and covalent bonding.
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
This is another one of the big guiding principles in chemistry. For our purposes it means that the number and type of atoms in the reactants will be the same in the products. This is the reason why we must "balance" chemical reactions.
This is another one of the big guiding principles in chemistry. For our purposes it means that the number and type of atoms in the reactants will be the same in the products. This is the reason why we must "balance" chemical reactions.
Balancing Chemical Equations
Balancing chemical equations is like coming up with a recipe for your reaction. It tells you how many of each element and/or compound react to form your products.
It may seem daunting at first to balance chemical equations, however with practice (and following the steps outlined in class) it becomes second nature.
It may seem daunting at first to balance chemical equations, however with practice (and following the steps outlined in class) it becomes second nature.
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Types of Reactions
Although not covering all types of reactions, you now know about five major types of reactions. Understanding these five types of reactions will allow you to predict products given reactants as they will always take a "general form"
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15_-_all_reaction_types_worksheets.pdf | |
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Acids and Bases
Our evolution of taste buds for sour and bitter may have saved our ancestors from spoiled foods and dangerous poisons, but today we can use them to identify acids and bases!
Acids and bases are a part of our everyday lives and are an important part of understanding chemistry.
Acids and bases are a part of our everyday lives and are an important part of understanding chemistry.
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namingacidsandbases.pdf | |
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16_-_acids___bases.pptx | |
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Extra Practice
The key to mastering chemistry is PRACTICE!!!
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